Conversational recommender systems (CRSs) often utilize external knowledge graphs (KGs) to introduce rich semantic information and recommend relevant items through natural language dialogues. However, original KGs employed in existing CRSs are often incomplete and sparse, which limits the reasoning capability in recommendation. Moreover, only few of existing studies exploit the dialogue context to dynamically refine knowledge from KGs for better recommendation. To address the above issues, we propose the Variational Reasoning over Incomplete KGs Conversational Recommender (VRICR). Our key idea is to incorporate the large dialogue corpus naturally accompanied with CRSs to enhance the incomplete KGs; and perform dynamic knowledge reasoning conditioned on the dialogue context. Specifically, we denote the dialogue-specific subgraphs of KGs as latent variables with categorical priors for adaptive knowledge graphs refactor. We propose a variational Bayesian method to approximate posterior distributions over dialogue-specific subgraphs, which not only leverages the dialogue corpus for restructuring missing entity relations but also dynamically selects knowledge based on the dialogue context. Finally, we infuse the dialogue-specific subgraphs to decode the recommendation and responses. We conduct experiments on two benchmark CRSs datasets. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of our proposed method.

Relation extraction (RE), which has relied on structurally annotated corpora for model training, has been particularly challenging in low-resource scenarios and domains. Recent literature has tackled low-resource RE by self-supervised learning, where the solution involves pretraining the relation embedding by RE-based objective and finetuning on labeled data by classification-based objective. However, a critical challenge to this approach is the gap in objectives, which prevents the RE model from fully utilizing the knowledge in pretrained representations. In this paper, we aim at bridging the gap and propose to pretrain and finetune the RE model using consistent objectives of contrastive learning. Since in this kind of representation learning paradigm, one relation may easily form multiple clusters in the representation space, we further propose a multi-center contrastive loss that allows one relation to form multiple clusters to better align with pretraining. Experiments on two document-level RE datasets, BioRED and Re-DocRED, demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Particularly, when using 1% end-task training data, our method outperforms PLM-based RE classifier by 10.5% and 5.8% on the two datasets, respectively.

Data Augmentation (DA) is frequently used to automatically provide additional training data without extra human annotation. However, data augmentation may introduce noisy data that impairs training. To guarantee the quality of augmented data, existing methods either assume no noise exists in the augmented data and adopt consistency training or use simple heuristics such as training loss and diversity constraints to filter out ``noisy'' data. However, those filtered examples may still contain useful information, and dropping them completely causes loss of supervision signals. In this paper, based on the assumption that the original dataset is cleaner than the augmented data, we propose an on-the-fly denoising technique for data augmentation that learns from soft augmented labels provided by an organic teacher model trained on the cleaner original data. A simple self-regularization module is applied to force the model prediction to be consistent across two distinct dropouts to further prevent overfitting on noisy labels. Our method can be applied to augmentation techniques in general and can consistently improve the performance on both text classification and question-answering tasks.

We present Pre-trained Machine Reader (PMR), a novel method to retrofit Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) into Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) models without acquiring labeled data. PMR is capable of resolving the discrepancy between model pre-training and downstream fine-tuning of existing PLMs, and provides a unified solver for tackling various extraction tasks. To achieve this, we construct a large volume of general-purpose and high-quality MRC-style training data with the help of Wikipedia hyperlinks and design a Wiki Anchor Extraction task to guide the MRC-style pre-training process. Although conceptually simple, PMR is particularly effective in solving extraction tasks including Extractive Question Answering and Named Entity Recognition, where it shows tremendous improvements over previous approaches especially under low-resource settings. Moreover, viewing sequence classification task as a special case of extraction task in our MRC formulation, PMR is even capable to extract high-quality rationales to explain the classification process, providing more explainability of the predictions.

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) requires the collection of plenty of interventional data, which is sometimes expensive and even unethical in the real world, such as in the autonomous driving and the medical field. Offline reinforcement learning promises to alleviate this issue by exploiting the vast amount of observational data available in the real world. However, observational data may mislead the learning agent to undesirable outcomes if the behavior policy that generates the data depends on unobserved random variables (i.e., confounders). In this paper, we propose two deconfounding methods in DRL to address this problem. The methods first calculate the importance degree of different samples based on the causal inference technique, and then adjust the impact of different samples on the loss function by reweighting or resampling the offline dataset to ensure its unbiasedness. These deconfounding methods can be flexibly combined with the existing model-free DRL algorithms such as soft actor-critic and deep Q-learning, provided that a weak condition can be satisfied by the loss functions of these algorithms. We prove the effectiveness of our deconfounding methods and validate them experimentally.

关于无监督的域适应性（UDA）的广泛研究已将有限的实验数据集深入学习到现实世界中无约束的领域。大多数UDA接近通用嵌入空间中的对齐功能，并将共享分类器应用于目标预测。但是，由于当域差异很大时可能不存在完全排列的特征空间，因此这些方法受到了两个局限性。首先，由于缺乏目标标签监督，强制域的比对会恶化目标域的可区分性。其次，源监督分类器不可避免地偏向源数据，因此它在目标域中的表现可能不佳。为了减轻这些问题，我们建议在两个集中在不同领域的空间中同时进行特征对齐，并为每个空间创建一个针对该域的面向域的分类器。具体而言，我们设计了一个面向域的变压器（DOT），该变压器（DOT）具有两个单独的分类令牌，以学习不同的面向域的表示形式和两个分类器，以保持域的可区分性。理论保证的基于对比度的对齐和源指导的伪标签细化策略被用来探索域名和特定信息。全面的实验验证了我们的方法在几个基准上实现了最先进的方法。

上下文信息对于各种计算机视觉任务至关重要，以前的作品通常设计插件模块和结构损失，以有效地提取和汇总全局上下文。这些方法利用优质标签来优化模型，但忽略了精细训练的特征也是宝贵的训练资源，可以将优选的分布引入硬像素（即错误分类的像素）。受到无监督范式的对比学习的启发，我们以监督的方式应用了对比度损失，并重新设计了损失功能，以抛弃无监督学习的刻板印象（例如，积极和负面的不平衡，对锚定计算的混淆）。为此，我们提出了阳性阴性相等的对比损失（PNE损失），这增加了阳性嵌入对锚的潜在影响，并同时对待阳性和阴性样本对。 PNE损失可以直接插入现有的语义细分框架中，并以可忽视的额外计算成本导致出色的性能。我们利用许多经典的分割方法（例如，DeepLabv3，Ocrnet，Upernet）和骨干（例如Resnet，Hrnet，Swin Transformer）进行全面的实验，并在两个基准数据集（例如，例如，例如，，例如城市景观和可可固定）。我们的代码将公开

对于3D医学图像（例如CT和MRI）分割，在临床情况下分割每个切片的难度差异很大。先前以逐片方式进行体积医学图像分割的研究通常使用相同的2D深神经网络来细分同一情况的所有切片，从而忽略了图像切片之间的数据异质性。在本文中，我们专注于多模式3D MRI脑肿瘤分割，并根据自适应模型选择提出了一个名为MED-DANET的动态体系结构网络，以实现有效的准确性和效率折衷。对于输入3D MRI量的每个切片，我们提出的方法学习了决策网络的特定于切片的决策，以动态从预定义的模型库中选择合适的模型，以完成后续的2D分割任务。 Brats 2019和2020年数据集的广泛实验结果表明，我们提出的方法比以前的3D MRI脑肿瘤分割的最先进方法获得了可比或更好的结果，模型的复杂性要少得多。与最新的3D方法TransBT相比，提出的框架提高了模型效率高达3.5倍，而无需牺牲准确性。我们的代码将很快公开可用。

As an important fine-grained sentiment analysis problem, aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA), aiming to analyze and understand people's opinions at the aspect level, has been attracting considerable interest in the last decade. To handle ABSA in different scenarios, various tasks are introduced for analyzing different sentiment elements and their relations, including the aspect term, aspect category, opinion term, and sentiment polarity. Unlike early ABSA works focusing on a single sentiment element, many compound ABSA tasks involving multiple elements have been studied in recent years for capturing more complete aspect-level sentiment information. However, a systematic review of various ABSA tasks and their corresponding solutions is still lacking, which we aim to fill in this survey. More specifically, we provide a new taxonomy for ABSA which organizes existing studies from the axes of concerned sentiment elements, with an emphasis on recent advances of compound ABSA tasks. From the perspective of solutions, we summarize the utilization of pre-trained language models for ABSA, which improved the performance of ABSA to a new stage. Besides, techniques for building more practical ABSA systems in cross-domain/lingual scenarios are discussed. Finally, we review some emerging topics and discuss some open challenges to outlook potential future directions of ABSA.

最近，电子商务平台上的产品问题应答（PQA）引起了越来越幅度的关注，因为它可以作为智能的在线购物助理和改善客户购物体验。它的关键功能，自动回答的产品相关问题的生成，通过旨在在与问题相关的答案时产生内容保存。然而，现有方法忽略了PQA，即个性化的重要特征。提供相同的“完全总结”回答所有客户的回答不足，因为许多客户更愿意通过考虑自己的偏好对产品方面或信息需求的偏好来看待具有定制信息的个性化答案。为了解决这一挑战，我们提出了一种新颖的个性化答复生成方法（页面），具有多视角偏好建模，探讨了历史用户生成的内容，以模拟用户偏好，以在PQA中生成个性化答案。具体而言，我们首先将问题相关的用户历史作为外部知识作为模拟知识级用户偏好。然后我们利用高斯SoftMax分布模型来捕获潜在的方面级别用户偏好。最后，我们通过利用个人用户偏好和动态用户词汇表，开发一个角色感知指针网络以在内容和样式方面生成个性化答案。实验结果对现实世界电子商务QA数据集表明，所提出的方法通过生成信息和定制答案来表明现有方法，并显示电子商务中的答案可以从个性化中受益。